RISK FACTORS

1.  Occupational - related factors

1. Lifting - beyond capacity, improper techniques, frequency
2. Pulling and pushing - these increases pressure within the discs
3. Twisting - May lead to rupture of the surrounding ligaments
4. Prolonged sitting - static muscle loading
5. Vibration - driving and operating industrial vehicles

2.  Patient - related Factors

1. Age: Most common in the 3^rd decade and peaks at age 40
2. Sex: Men and women have similar risks up until 60 y/o but after 60 y/o women are at a greater risk due to the development of osteoporosis.
3. Posture: Scoliosis, Pathologic Kyphosis, leg length discrepancies
4. Spinal Mobility: poor flexibility
5. Anthropometric factor: obese and tall persons have a higher risk
6. Muscle strength: poor abdominal and back muscle strength
7. Physical Fitness
8. Smoking: Increased likelihood of back pain due to increased incidence of osteoporosis. It can also induce coughing.
9. Psychological Factors: depression, anxiety and alcoholism

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